移民澳洲｜“20万+”创业移民188A：Xenia带您细读条款
归根结底，澳大利亚的移民政策只有这三处来源：联邦法律、移民局对法律的解读以及各州在法律框架下制定的担保提名政策。出自别人之口的一切解读和分析都不如直接看原典来得踏实又实在，一条一条细读下来，必能直击要害。
——痴迷于移民法的Xenia Zhou
今天要细读的是创业移民签证188A，细读内容为《澳大利亚移民法规1994》Schedule 2 Clause 188和Clause 888中与188A有关的条款，辅以移民局内部手册PAM中相关内容，蓝字为原文及我对原文的翻译。
第一部分：188签证通用标准
首先是所有188签证的共同要求（188.21 Common criteria ）：
188.211
The applicant, and the applicant’s spouse or de facto partner,do not have a history of involvement in business or investment activities that are of a nature that is not generally acceptable in Australia.
188.211
申请人、申请人的配偶或者申请人的事实伴侣没有参与过任何在澳洲被认为是不可接受的商业活动。
有过诈骗行为的，从事传销发家致富的，在此就可以打住了。
188.212
The nominating State or Territory government agency or the CEO of Austrade has not withdrawn the nomination.
188.212
州或者领地政府机构或者澳洲贸易协会对申请人的提名没有撤回。
所有的188签证都必须先有上述机构的担保，这条意思是如果担保在签证获批之前被撤回了，那就会拒签。
188.213
(1) The applicant satisfies public interest criteria 4001, 4002, 4003, 4004, 4010, 4020 and 4021.
(2) If the applicant had turned 18 at the time of application, the applicant satisfies public interest criterion 4019.
(3) Each member of the family unit of the applicant who is an applicant for a Subclass188 visa satisfies public interest criteria 4001, 4002, 4003, 4004, 4010 and 4020.
(4) Each member of the family unit of the applicant who:
(a) is an applicant for a Subclass 188 visa; and
(b) had turned 18 at the time of application;
satisfies public interest criterion 4019.
(5) Each member of the family unit of the applicant who:
(a) is an applicant for a Subclass 188 visa; and
(b) has not turned 18;
satisfies public interest criteria 4015 and 4016.
(6) Each member of the family unit of the applicant who is not an applicant for a Subclass 188 visa satisfies public interest criteria 4001, 4002, 4003 and 4004.
这一条说的是“公共利益标准”，里面的每一个四位数的代码代表着一个具体的标准。如果没有犯过罪，没参加过恐怖组织，没伪造过移民材料……这些就都能满足，所以这里就不细说了。
188.214
(1) The applicant satisfies special return criteria 5001, 5002 and 5010.(2) Each member of the family unit of the applicant who is an applicant for a Subclass188 visa satisfies special return criteria 5001, 5002 and 5010.
5打头的四位数代码叫“特殊返回标准”，只与以前曾被澳洲取消过签证、遣返或者驱逐出境的人有关。
第二部分：188A自用标准
所有188签证都必须达到的共同标准说完了，下面是188A自己的标准（适用于主申请人）：
188.221
(1) The applicant was invited, in writing, by the Minister to apply for the visa.
(2) The applicant:
(a) had not turned 55 at the time of the invitation to apply for the visa; or
(b) is proposing to establish or participate in business or investment activity that the nominating State or Territory government agency has determined is of exceptional economic benefit to the State or Territory in which the agency is located.
188.221
要申请这个签证，必须是移民局邀请才行（自己无法直接申请）。
递交申请的时候，年龄未满55周岁，或者，由于某州或领地政府机构认为申请人能够给当地经济带来非同小可的利益，所以这项年龄要求得以豁免。
每个州对于什么是exceptional economic benefit会有不同的标准，如果有年龄豁免的要求，需要准备特别的文案。除非极特殊的情况，在年龄豁免方面只要得到州或领地政府的支持移民局就不会 为难申请人。
188.222
(1) The applicant’s score on the business innovation and investment points test is not less than the number of points specified by the Minister in an instrument in writing for this subclause.
(2) For subclause (1):
(a) an applicant’s score on the business innovation and investment points test is the sum of the applicant’s scores under Parts 7A.2, 7A.3, 7A.4, 7A.5, 7A.7, 7A.8, 7A.9 and 7A.10 of Schedule7A; and
(b) the Minister must not give the applicant the prescribed number of points for more than one prescribed qualification in Parts 7A.2, 7A.3, 7A.4, 7A.5, 7A.7, 7A.8 and 7A.10 of Schedule 7A; and
(c) if the applicant’s circumstances satisfy more than one prescribed qualification in Parts 7A.2, 7A.3, 7A.4, 7A.5, 7A.7, 7A.8 and 7A.10 of Schedule7A, the Minister must give the applicant points for the qualification that has been satisfied that attracts the highest number of points.
188.222
申请人的移民分数不少于移民局相关法律文件中规定的分数。
这个分数用移民法规Schedule 7A中规定的计算方法计算，在某几项中，如果申请人符合多项要求，按照最高分计算，在同一项中不可累积计算。
创业投资移民中只有188A和188B需要计算移民分数，现在的“规定分数”是65分。打分表在移民法规的Schedule 7A部分，做成表格是这个样子：
加分项一共有九项，但是并不是每一项一定要有分数，不管有几项加分，只要总分达到65分就好。
188.223
The applicant demonstrates that there is a need for the applicant to be resident in Australia to establish or conduct the proposed business activity.
188.223
申请人有居住在澳大利亚创建生意或从事商业活动的需要。
这一条翻译成中文很容易被读者忽略过去，因为它看起来太简单了。但是原文中有一个动词“demonstrate”，这意味着申请人必须主动向签证官证明：自己将要创建的生意或者从事的商业活动是需要本人住在澳大利亚境内处理各种事务的。如果签证官了解了生意或者商业活动的内容之后认为申请人没有住在澳大利亚的需求和意愿，那么这个签证就悬了。
188.224
The applicant has overall had a successful business career.
188.224
申请人有一个总体成功的从商历史。
这一条在法规中是很模糊的，因为“总体成功”与否很难定义。在移民局的内部手册里面，有一些具体的标准，比如：如果在五年之内曾经破产，那么就一定不能被认定为有总体成功的从商历史。而实际情况一定比移民局在文件中规定出的要复杂得多，所以移民局赋予签证官在一定范围内自己做出判断的权力。如果申请人之前的商业活动盈利状况不佳，那么就需要在文案上说服签证官自己符合这一条要求。
188.225
(1) For at least 2 of the 4 fiscal years immediately before the time of invitation to apply for the visa, the applicant had an ownership interest in one or more established main businesses that had an annual turnover of at least AUD 500000 in each of those years.
(2) If the applicant was engaged in one or more businesses providing professional, technical or trade services for at least 2 of the 4 fiscal years immediately before the time of invitation to apply for the visa, the applicant was directly engaged in the provision of the services, as distinct from the general direction of the operation of the business, for no more than half the time spent by the applicant from day to day in the conduct of the business.
188.225
在获邀之前的4个财年中，至少有2个财年，申请人在年营业额超过50万澳元的主要生意中拥有股份。
如果上述主要生意提供的是专业服务、技术服务或者贸易服务，那么申请人直接参与到这些服务的提供中所花费的时间不能超过在该生意上所花费时间的一半。“直接参与这些服务的提供”有别于“对生意的运营给予总体的指导”。
在条款（1）中，“主要生意”是一个关键性的概念。在年营业额小于40万澳元的生意中，申请人需要占有不少于51%的股份；在年营业额大于40万澳元的生意中，申请人需要占有不少于30%的股份；在上市公司中，申请人需要占有不少于10%的股份。条款中50万年营业额的要求不是每个主要生意都需要达到的，如果有两个主要生意相加超过50万澳元营业额，也符合要求。需要注意的是，并不是所有类型的生意都可以作为申请人的主要生意，具体选择什么生意来担当这个角色，最好跟移民代理进行深入的沟通之后再决定。
这一条款中（2）的英文读起来有些tricky，单看原文很容易理解反。读者自己钻研的时候把“as……”作为插入语拿掉再读可能会好理解一些。法律条文真的需要一字一句地琢磨，因为我们不管是日常生活还是做生意很多情况都是模糊的，并不是非黑即白，所以如何按照要求提供材料就非常关键，如果由于理解错条款的英文含义而把材料提供反了，那真是太冤了。
188.226
At the time of invitation, the business and personal assets of the applicant, the applicant’s spouse or de facto partner, or the applicant and his or her spouse or de facto partner together, that can be applied to the establishment or conduct of a business in Australia have a net value of at least AUD 800000.
188.226
受邀之时，申请人、其配偶或伴侣或者申请人与其配偶或伴侣共同拥有的、可以用于在澳大利亚创建或运营生意的现有生意及个人资产总和超过80万澳元。
注意一下这条与上一条在主语上的差别，上一条的主语是“申请人”，这一条的主语是“申请人、其配偶或伴侣或者申请人与其配偶或伴侣”。
188.227
The nominating State or Territory government agency is satisfied that the net value of the business and personal assets of the applicant, the applicant’s spouse or de facto partner, or the applicant and his or her spouse or de facto partner together, other than the business and personal assets mentioned in clause 188.226, is sufficient to allow the applicant and the spouse or de facto partner to settle in Australia.
188.227
提名州或领地政府机构认为除去上一条所提到的资产以外，申请人、其配偶或伴侣或者申请人与其配偶或伴侣共同拥有的其他资产足以供他们在澳大利亚定居。
这一条要求“提名州或领地政府机构认为”blablabla，意思是，这一项由提名的政府机构在EOI阶段考察。说白了，如果家里砸锅卖铁一共有80万澳元，虽然上一条能满足，但是政府会认为申请人在投资之后没钱生活了，这种情况是不会给提名的。
188.228
The business and personal assets of the applicant, the applicant’s spouse or de facto partner, or the applicant and his or her spouse or de facto partner together:
(a) are lawfully acquired;and
(b) are available for transfer to Australia within 2 years after the grant of a Subclass 188 visa.
188.228
申请人、其配偶或伴侣或者申请人与其配偶或伴侣共同拥有的生意和个人资产均为合法获得，并且能够在签证获签后2年之内转移到澳大利亚。
这条没什么可解释的。
188.229
(1) The applicant genuinely has a realistic commitment to:
(a) establish a qualifying business in Australia; or
(b) participate in an existing qualifying business in Australia.
(2) The applicant genuinely has a realistic commitment to:
(a) maintain asubstantial ownership interest in the qualifying business mentioned in subclause (1); and
(b) maintain a direct and continuous involvement in the management of the qualifying business from day to day, and in the making of decisions that affect the overall direction and performance of the qualifying business, in a manner that benefits the Australian economy.
188.229
申请人做出真实的承诺，承诺在澳大利亚建立起符合要求的生意或者购买澳大利亚已有的符合要求的生意。
申请人做出真实的承诺，承诺维持在上述生意中的股份，并且对该生意保持直接、持续的日常管理，直接、持续地参与有关生意总体方向和表现的决策。同时，上述管理和决策要以一种有利于澳大利亚经济的方式来进行。
也就是说，188A申请人必须知道，他们不能只投钱不出力，毕竟这是创业移民，不是纯粹的投资移民。
188.229A
(1) The applicant satisfies public interest criterion 4005.
(2) Each member ofthe family unit of the applicant who is an applicant for a Subclass 188 visa satisfies public interest criterion 4005.
(3) Each member ofthe family unit of the applicant who is not an applicant for a Subclass 188 visa satisfies public interest criterion 4005 unless it would be unreasonable to require the member to undergo assessment inrelation to the criterion.
4005是一个健康标准，大家会注意到这个条款的范围包括不随主申请人一起移民的核心家庭成员。在澳大利亚移民语境中，“核心家庭成员”只包括配偶或事实伴侣（异性或同性）以及未成年子女。
至此，188A签证的要求就读完了。
第三部分：888签证要求中的相关规则
别忘了，188签证是一个临时签证，只有在持有这一签证期间达到某些标准才可以申请888永久签证，成为澳大利亚永久居民。而888永久签证中对应的要求也就是188签证申请人在登陆澳洲之后需要做的事情。
这里拿出888条款中涉及到188A的最重要的几条：
888.221
The applicant has been in Australia, as the holder of one or more visas mentioned in the table in subitem 1104BA(4) of Schedule 1, for a total period of at least one year in the 2 years immediately before the application was made
888.221
申请人在申请888之前的2年中至少在澳大利亚住满1年。
这是居住要求。
888.225
(1) If the nominating State or Territory government agency has not determined that there are exceptional circumstances:
(a) the requirements in at least 2 of subclauses (2) to (4) are met; and
(b) the requirement in subclause (5) is met.
888.225
（1）下面（2）、（3）、（4）三条中起码满足两条；（5）必须满足。
如果提名的州或领地的政府机构认为存在极其特殊情况，这一条可以豁免。
888.225这条我分开来写，因为它是188A转888的核心要求，也就是对创业的成效的审核要求。
下面的3条是三选二的关系。
(2) The assets owned by the applicant, the applicant’s spouse or de facto partner, or the applicant and his or her spouse or de facto partner together, inthe main business or main businesses in Australia:
(a) had a net value of at least AUD 200000 throughout the period of 12 months immediately before the application was made; and
(b) continue to have a net value of at least AUD 200000; and
(c) were lawfully acquired.
（2）申请人、申请人的配偶或伴侣或者申请人与其配偶或伴侣在主要生意中共同拥有的资产要满足下列条件：
（a）在申请888签证之前的2年中净值一直不少于20万澳元；
（b）保持至少20万澳元的净值；
（c）为合法所得。
(3) In the period of 12 months immediately before the application was made:
(a) the main business in Australia,or main businesses in Australia,of the applicant, the applicant’s spouse or de facto partner,or the applicant and his or her spouse or de facto partner together provided employment in Australia to 2 or more employees for a total number of hours that was at least the total number of hours that would have been worked by 2 full-time employees; and
(b) each employee whose employment is used to work out that total number of hours:
(i) was not the applicant or a member of the family unit of the applicant during that period; and
(ii) was an Australian citizen, an Australian permanent resident or the holder of a valid New Zealand passport during that period.
（3）在申请888签证之前的12个月中
（a）申请人、申请人的配偶或伴侣或者申请人与其配偶或伴侣共同拥有的主要生意向澳大利亚至少提供了两个工作岗位（提供的工作时间相当于两个全职员工的工作时间）；
（b）上述每个员工都符合下面两个条件：
(i) 不是申请人本人或者申请人的核心家庭成员；
(ii) 是澳大利亚公民、澳大利亚永久居民或者新西兰公民。
(4) The business and personal assets in Australia of the applicant, the applicant’s spouse or de facto partner,or the applicant and his or her spouse or de facto partner together:
(a) had a net value of at least AUD 600000 in the period of 12 months ending immediately before the application was made; and
(b) continue to have a net value of at least AUD 600000; and
(c) were lawfully acquired.
（4）申请人、申请人的配偶或伴侣或者申请人与其配偶或伴侣共同在澳大利亚拥有的生意和个人资产满足下列三个条件：
（a）在申请888签证之前的12个月中净值一直不少于60万澳元；
（b）保持至少60万澳元的净值；
（c）为合法所得。
下面一条有关主要生意的营业额的要求是必须达到的：
(5) The main business in Australia,or main businesses in Australia, of the applicant, the applicant’s spouse or de facto partner, or the applicant and his or her spouse or de facto partner together, had an annual turnover of at least AUD 300000 in the 12 months immediately before the application was made.
（5）申请人、申请人的配偶或伴侣或者申请人及其配偶或伴侣共同在澳大利亚拥有的主要生意在递交888签证申请之前的12个月中年营业额不少于30万澳元。
细心的读者注意到了在888.225的开头有一句“如果提名州或领地的政府机构认为存在极其特殊的情况，这一条可以豁免”。如果真的要用到提名州或者领地的豁免权，需要看下一个条款888.226。也就是说，豁免888.225只有在符合888.226要求的前提下才是可行的。
888.226
(1) Subclause (2) or (3) applies.
(2) All of the following apply:
(a) the nominating State or Territory government agency has determined that there are exceptional circumstances;
(b) the requirements set out in at least 2 of subclauses 888.225(2) to (4) have been met;
(c) the applicant:
(i) resides in an area specified by the Minister in an instrument in writing for this subparagraph; and
(ii) operates the applicant’s main business or businesses in Australia in the area.
(3) Both of the following apply:
(a) the nominating State or Territory government agency has determined that there are exceptional circumstances;
(b) ther equirement set out in subclause 888.225(5) has been met.
这一条规定读起来比较费劲，因为层级太多。其实翻译成白话就是：在偏远地区做生意的申请人，满足前面说的三选二条件，并得到州或领地政府的支持，可以豁免有关年营业额至少30万澳元这个条件；或者，满足年营业额条件的申请人，得到州或领地政府的支持，可以豁免前面说的三选二条件，与前面那种不同，这种豁免不限定于偏远地区。
法律条款解读完毕。
有人要问了：做188A到底需要投资多少澳元？
读了半天条款，各位看官可有结论？
刚才我们接触到了这样几个数字：
20万：这是申请人在澳洲的生意中的所占股份净值的最低额。
60万：这是申请人申请888永久签证时在澳洲的生意和个人资产总和的最低额。
80万：这是申请人在申请188A签证时生意和个人资产总和的最低额。
但这只是移民局的要求。别忘了，188A签证和888签证是需要州或领地政府提名的，澳大利亚各个州和领地对于188A有不同的提名条件，有的要求申请人拿出更多的投资。
另外，188A转永久签证的时候对创造就业情况和年营业额有要求，那么申请人就需要考察究竟投入多少钱才能达到这些标准。
所以，结论是：做188A，至少需要把60万澳元转移到澳洲，其中至少20万用于创业；如果选择某些特定地区创业，需要投入更多的资金；除去这些硬性要求，投入资金也与所选行业有关。
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